pyqt5实现俄罗斯方块游戏

Python  /  管理员 发布于 5年前   177

本章我们要制作一个俄罗斯方块游戏。

Tetris

译注：称呼：方块是由四个小方格组成的

俄罗斯方块游戏是世界上最流行的游戏之一。是由一名叫Alexey Pajitnov的俄罗斯程序员在1985年制作的，从那时起，这个游戏就风靡了各个游戏平台。

俄罗斯方块归类为下落块迷宫游戏。游戏有7个基本形状：S、Z、T、L、反向L、直线、方块，每个形状都由4个方块组成，方块最终都会落到屏幕底部。所以玩家通过控制形状的左右位置和旋转，让每个形状都以合适的位置落下，如果有一行全部被方块填充，这行就会消失，并且得分。游戏结束的条件是有形状接触到了屏幕顶部。

方块展示：

PyQt5是专门为创建图形界面产生的，里面一些专门为制作游戏而开发的组件，所以PyQt5是能制作小游戏的。

制作电脑游戏也是提高自己编程能力的一种很好的方式。

开发

没有图片，所以就自己用绘画画出来几个图形。每个游戏里都有数学模型的，这个也是。

开工之前：

• 用QtCore.QBasicTimer()创建一个游戏循环
• 模型是一直下落的
• 模型的运动是以小块为基础单位的，不是按像素
• 从数学意义上来说，模型就是就是一串数字而已

代码由四个类组成：Tetris, Board, Tetrominoe和Shape。Tetris类创建游戏，Board是游戏主要逻辑。Tetrominoe包含了所有的砖块，Shape是所有砖块的代码。

#!/usr/bin/python3# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-"""ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial This is a Tetris game clone.Author: Jan BodnarWebsite: zetcode.com Last edited: August 2017"""from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplicationfrom PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignalfrom PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor import sys, randomclass Tetris(QMainWindow):    def __init__(self):    super().__init__()        self.initUI()          def initUI(self):      '''initiates application UI'''    self.tboard = Board(self)    self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)    self.statusbar = self.statusBar()        self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)        self.tboard.start()        self.resize(180, 380)    self.center()    self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')        self.show()      def center(self):    '''centers the window on the screen'''        screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()    size = self.geometry()    self.move((screen.width()-size.width())/2,       (screen.height()-size.height())/2)    class Board(QFrame):    msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)    BoardWidth = 10  BoardHeight = 22  Speed = 300  def __init__(self, parent):    super().__init__(parent)        self.initBoard()          def initBoard(self):       '''initiates board'''    self.timer = QBasicTimer()    self.isWaitingAfterLine = False        self.curX = 0    self.curY = 0    self.numLinesRemoved = 0    self.board = []    self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)    self.isStarted = False    self.isPaused = False    self.clearBoard()          def shapeAt(self, x, y):    '''determines shape at the board position'''        return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]      def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):    '''sets a shape at the board'''        self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape      def squareWidth(self):    '''returns the width of one square'''        return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth      def squareHeight(self):    '''returns the height of one square'''        return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight      def start(self):    '''starts game'''        if self.isPaused:      return    self.isStarted = True    self.isWaitingAfterLine = False    self.numLinesRemoved = 0    self.clearBoard()    self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))    self.newPiece()    self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)      def pause(self):    '''pauses game'''        if not self.isStarted:      return    self.isPaused = not self.isPaused        if self.isPaused:      self.timer.stop()      self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")          else:      self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)      self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))    self.update()      def paintEvent(self, event):    '''paints all shapes of the game'''        painter = QPainter(self)    rect = self.contentsRect()    boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()    for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):      for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):        shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)    if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:          self.drawSquare(painter,rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)    if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:for i in range(4):    x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)        y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)        self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),          boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),          self.curPiece.shape())def keyPressEvent(self, event):    '''processes key press events'''        if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:      super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)      return    key = event.key()        if key == Qt.Key_P:      self.pause()      return          if self.isPaused:      returnelif key == Qt.Key_Left:      self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)          elif key == Qt.Key_Right:      self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)          elif key == Qt.Key_Down:      self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)          elif key == Qt.Key_Up:      self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)          elif key == Qt.Key_Space:      self.dropDown()          elif key == Qt.Key_D:      self.oneLineDown()          else:      super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)          def timerEvent(self, event):    '''handles timer event'''        if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():if self.isWaitingAfterLine:        self.isWaitingAfterLine = False        self.newPiece()      else:        self.oneLineDown()else:      super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)        def clearBoard(self):    '''clears shapes from the board'''        for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):      self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)      def dropDown(self):    '''drops down a shape'''        newY = self.curY        while newY > 0:if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):        break  newY -= 1    self.pieceDropped()      def oneLineDown(self):    '''goes one line down with a shape'''        if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):      self.pieceDropped()        def pieceDropped(self):    '''after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape'''        for i in range(4):x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)      y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)      self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())    self.removeFullLines()    if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:      self.newPiece()        def removeFullLines(self):    '''removes all full lines from the board'''        numFullLines = 0    rowsToRemove = []    for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):n = 0      for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):        if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:          n = n + 1      if n == 10:        rowsToRemove.append(i)    rowsToRemove.reverse()        for m in rowsToRemove:for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):        for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))    numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)    if numFullLines > 0:self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines      self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))  self.isWaitingAfterLine = True      self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)      self.update()        def newPiece(self):    '''creates a new shape'''        self.curPiece = Shape()    self.curPiece.setRandomShape()    self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1    self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()        if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)      self.timer.stop()      self.isStarted = False      self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")  def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):    '''tries to move a shape'''        for i in range(4):x = newX + newPiece.x(i)      y = newY - newPiece.y(i)if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:        return False  if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:        return False    self.curPiece = newPiece    self.curX = newX    self.curY = newY    self.update()        return True      def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):    '''draws a square of a shape'''colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,           0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]    color = QColor(colorTable[shape])    painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2,       self.squareHeight() - 2, color)    painter.setPen(color.lighter())    painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)    painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)    painter.setPen(color.darker())    painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,      x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1)    painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1,       y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1)class Tetrominoe(object):    NoShape = 0  ZShape = 1  SShape = 2  LineShape = 3  TShape = 4  SquareShape = 5  LShape = 6  MirroredLShape = 7class Shape(object):    coordsTable = (    ((0, 0),   (0, 0),   (0, 0),   (0, 0)),    ((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (-1, 0),  (-1, 1)),    ((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (1, 0),   (1, 1)),    ((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (0, 1),   (0, 2)),    ((-1, 0),  (0, 0),   (1, 0),   (0, 1)),    ((0, 0),   (1, 0),   (0, 1),   (1, 1)),    ((-1, -1),  (0, -1),  (0, 0),   (0, 1)),    ((1, -1),  (0, -1),  (0, 0),   (0, 1))  )  def __init__(self):        self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]    self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape    self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)      def shape(self):    '''returns shape'''        return self.pieceShape      def setShape(self, shape):    '''sets a shape'''        table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]        for i in range(4):      for j in range(2):        self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]    self.pieceShape = shape      def setRandomShape(self):    '''chooses a random shape'''        self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))      def x(self, index):    '''returns x coordinate'''        return self.coords[index][0]      def y(self, index):    '''returns y coordinate'''        return self.coords[index][1]      def setX(self, index, x):    '''sets x coordinate'''        self.coords[index][0] = x      def setY(self, index, y):    '''sets y coordinate'''        self.coords[index][1] = y      def minX(self):    '''returns min x value'''        m = self.coords[0][0]    for i in range(4):      m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])    return m      def maxX(self):    '''returns max x value'''        m = self.coords[0][0]    for i in range(4):      m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])    return m      def minY(self):    '''returns min y value'''        m = self.coords[0][1]    for i in range(4):      m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])    return m      def maxY(self):    '''returns max y value'''        m = self.coords[0][1]    for i in range(4):      m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])    return m      def rotateLeft(self):    '''rotates shape to the left'''        if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:      return self    result = Shape()    result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape        for i in range(4):result.setX(i, self.y(i))      result.setY(i, -self.x(i))    return result      def rotateRight(self):    '''rotates shape to the right'''        if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:      return self    result = Shape()    result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape        for i in range(4):result.setX(i, -self.y(i))      result.setY(i, self.x(i))    return resultif __name__ == '__main__':    app = QApplication([])  tetris = Tetris()    sys.exit(app.exec_())

游戏很简单，所以也就很好理解。程序加载之后游戏也就直接开始了，可以用P键暂停游戏，空格键让方块直接落到最下面。游戏的速度是固定的，并没有实现加速的功能。分数就是游戏中消除的行数。

self.tboard = Board(self)self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)

创建了一个Board类的实例，并设置为应用的中心组件。

self.statusbar = self.statusBar()    self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)

创建一个statusbar来显示三种信息：消除的行数，游戏暂停状态或者游戏结束状态。msg2Statusbar是一个自定义的信号，用在（和）Board类（交互），showMessage()方法是一个内建的，用来在statusbar上显示信息的方法。

self.tboard.start()

初始化游戏：

class Board(QFrame):    msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)...  

创建了一个自定义信号msg2Statusbar，当我们想往statusbar里显示信息的时候，发出这个信号就行了。

BoardWidth = 10BoardHeight = 22Speed = 300

这些是Board类的变量。BoardWidth和BoardHeight分别是board的宽度和高度。Speed是游戏的速度，每300ms出现一个新的方块。

...self.curX = 0self.curY = 0self.numLinesRemoved = 0self.board = []...

在initBoard()里初始化了一些重要的变量。self.board定义了方块的形状和位置，取值范围是0-7。

def shapeAt(self, x, y):  return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]

shapeAt()决定了board里方块的的种类。

def squareWidth(self):  return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth

board的大小可以动态的改变。所以方格的大小也应该随之变化。squareWidth()计算并返回每个块应该占用多少像素--也即Board.BoardWidth。

def pause(self):  '''pauses game'''  if not self.isStarted:    return  self.isPaused = not self.isPaused  if self.isPaused:    self.timer.stop()    self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")  else:    self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)    self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))  self.update()

pause()方法用来暂停游戏，停止计时并在statusbar上显示一条信息。

def paintEvent(self, event):  '''paints all shapes of the game'''  painter = QPainter(self)  rect = self.contentsRect()...

渲染是在paintEvent()方法里发生的QPainter负责PyQt5里所有低级绘画操作。

for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):  for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):    shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)        if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:      self.drawSquare(painter,        rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),        boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)

渲染游戏分为两步。第一步是先画出所有已经落在最下面的的图，这些保存在self.board里。可以使用shapeAt()查看这个这个变量。

if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:    for i in range(4):        x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)    y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)    self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),      boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),      self.curPiece.shape())

第二步是画出更在下落的方块。

elif key == Qt.Key_Right:  self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)

在keyPressEvent()方法获得用户按下的按键。如果按下的是右方向键，就尝试把方块向右移动，说尝试是因为有可能到边界不能移动了。

elif key == Qt.Key_Up:  self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)

上方向键是把方块向左旋转一下

elif key == Qt.Key_Space:  self.dropDown()

空格键会直接把方块放到底部

elif key == Qt.Key_D:  self.oneLineDown()

D键是加速一次下落速度。

def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):    for i in range(4):        x = newX + newPiece.x(i)    y = newY - newPiece.y(i)        if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:      return False          if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:      return False  self.curPiece = newPiece  self.curX = newX  self.curY = newY  self.update()  return True

tryMove()是尝试移动方块的方法。如果方块已经到达board的边缘或者遇到了其他方块，就返回False。否则就把方块下落到想要

def timerEvent(self, event):    if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():        if self.isWaitingAfterLine:      self.isWaitingAfterLine = False      self.newPiece()    else:      self.oneLineDown()        else:    super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)

在计时器事件里，要么是等一个方块下落完之后创建一个新的方块，要么是让一个方块直接落到底（move a falling piece one line down）。

def clearBoard(self):    for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):    self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)

clearBoard()方法通过Tetrominoe.NoShape清空broad。

def removeFullLines(self):    numFullLines = 0  rowsToRemove = []  for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):        n = 0    for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):      if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:        n = n + 1    if n == 10:      rowsToRemove.append(i)  rowsToRemove.reverse()    for m in rowsToRemove:        for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):      for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):          self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))  numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove) ...

如果方块碰到了底部，就调用removeFullLines()方法，找到所有能消除的行消除它们。消除的具体动作就是把符合条件的行消除掉之后，再把它上面的行下降一行。注意移除满行的动作是倒着来的，因为我们是按照重力来表现游戏的，如果不这样就有可能出现有些方块浮在空中的现象。

def newPiece(self):    self.curPiece = Shape()  self.curPiece.setRandomShape()  self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1  self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()    if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):        self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)    self.timer.stop()    self.isStarted = False    self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")

newPiece()方法是用来创建形状随机的方块。如果随机的方块不能正确的出现在预设的位置，游戏结束。

class Tetrominoe(object):    NoShape = 0  ZShape = 1  SShape = 2  LineShape = 3  TShape = 4  SquareShape = 5  LShape = 6  MirroredLShape = 7

Tetrominoe类保存了所有方块的形状。我们还定义了一个NoShape的空形状。

Shape类保存类方块内部的信息。

class Shape(object):    coordsTable = (    ((0, 0),   (0, 0),   (0, 0),   (0, 0)),    ((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (-1, 0),  (-1, 1)),    ...  )...  

coordsTable元组保存了所有的方块形状的组成。是一个构成方块的坐标模版。

self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]

上面创建了一个新的空坐标数组，这个数组将用来保存方块的坐标。

坐标系示意图：

上面的图片可以帮助我们更好的理解坐标值的意义。比如元组(0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, -1)代表了一个Z形状的方块。这个图表就描绘了这个形状。

def rotateLeft(self):    if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:    return self  result = Shape()  result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape    for i in range(4):        result.setX(i, self.y(i))    result.setY(i, -self.x(i))  return result

rotateLeft()方法向右旋转一个方块。正方形的方块就没必要旋转，就直接返回了。其他的是返回一个新的，能表示这个形状旋转了的坐标。

程序展示：

以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。