ORACLE

数据库  /  管理员 发布于 5年前   388

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oracle 常用命令
内容包括三大项:

  1.oracle内容包括三大项:

    2.SQLServer基本操作语句

    3.各种数据库连接方法

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**************************************************oracle基本操作语句********************************************************

打开服务器

net start oracleservicebinbo

打开监听器

lsnrctl start

关闭服务器

net stop oracleservicebinbo

关闭监听器

lsnrctl stop

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清屏

clear screen

****************************************************************

数据字典 ===========desc user_views(关键词)

****************************************************************

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查看当前用户的角色

SQL>select * from user_role_privs;

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查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限

SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;

SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;

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查看当前用户的缺省表空间

SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;

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换用户

conn as sysdba

sys

tsinghua

sqlplus "sys/tsinghua as sysdba"

conn sys/zl as sysdba

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修改表结构

alter table test modify(name not null);

alter table test add(name varchar2(20));

alter table test drop column sex;

alter table test set unused column sex;

alter table test drop unused columns;

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更改用户密码

sql>alter user 管理员 identified by 密码；

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创建表空间的数据文件

sql>create tablespace test datafile 'd:\oracle\binbo.dbf' size 10m;

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创建用户

sql>create user 用户名 identified by 用户名;

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bfile类型实例

创建目录

create directory tnpdir as 'c:\';

删除目录

drop directory tnpdir

授权

crant read on directory tn pdir to scott;

建表

create table bfiletest(id number(3), fname bfile);

添加数据

insert into bfiletest s(1,bfilename('TMPDIR','tmptest.java'));

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查看用户

sql>show user

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检查语句是否有错

show error

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锁定用户

sql>alter user 用户名 account lock

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解除用户

sql>alter user 用户名 account unlock

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删除用户

sql>drop user zl;

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给用户创建表权限

sql>grant create table to 用户名;

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授管理员权限

sql>grant dba to 用户名;

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给用户登录权限

sql>grant connect to 用户名

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给用户无限表空间权限

sql>grant unlinmited tablespace to 用户名;

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收回权限

sql>revoke dba from 用户名;

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查看用户下所有的表

            SQL>select * from user_tables;

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查看名称包含log字符的表

            SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects

                where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;

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查看某表的创建时间

            SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');

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查看某表的大小

            SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments

                where segment_name=upper('&table_name');

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查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表

            SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;

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再添加一个表空间的数据文件

sql>alter tablespace test add datafile 'd:\oracle\test1.dbf' size 10m;

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建表 SQL>create table studen(stuno int,stuname varchar(8) not null,stubirth date default to_date('1987-5-9','YYYY-MM-DD'));

向表结构中加入一列 SQL>alter table studen add(stuphoto varchar(9));

从表结构中删除一列 SQL>alter table studen drop column stuphoto;

修改表一列的长度 SQL>alter table studen modify(stuno number(4));

隐藏将要删除的一列 SQL>alter table studen set unused column stuphoto;

删除隐藏的列 SQL>alter table studen drop unused columns;

向表中加入约束 SQL>alter table studen add constraint pk primary key(stuno);

删除约束 SQL>alter table studen drop constraint pk;

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创建表

sql>create table 用户名(name varchar2(20),password varchar(20)) tablespace 空间名;

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添加字段

sql>alter table test add(column_x char(10) not null);

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更改字段

sql>alter table emp modify(column_x char (20));

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删除字段

 如待删除域属于某个索引，则不允许删除操作，必须将此域先设置为NULL。

sql>alter table emp modify(column_x null);

sql>update emp set column_x=null;

sql>commit;

sql>alter table emp drop(column_x);

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选择表空间

sql>alter user 用户名 default tablespace test;

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管理员删除别的用户中的表

sql>drop table 用户名.表名;

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退出

sql>exit;

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默认进入

sql>sqlplus "/ as sysdba"

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查看数据库

sql>show parameter block;

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写大量语句用记事本，新建方式。

输入"ed"回车

保存后

输入"/"运行;

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查询用户有多少表

sql>select * from tab;

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SQLServer取时间

sql>select getdate

oracle 取时间

sql>sysdate;

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操作表结构数据库定义语言命令

(不记录在日志文件中)

create table建表

sql>create table test(name varchar2(20),age date,sex char(2));

sql>insert into test(name,age,sex) s('aa',sysdate,'男');

sql>insert into test(name,age,sex) s('bb',to_date('1888-8-8',"yyyy-aa-dd hh24:mi:ss"),'男');

sql>select * from test;

===============================================================

查询男和女总数

sql>select sex,count(sex) from test group by sex;

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test表中数据输入test1表中

SQLSserver---select * into test1 from test;

oracle---create table test1 as select * from test;

---------------------------------------------------------------

更改会话时间

sql>alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss';

---------------------------------------------------------------

sql>show parameter block 表和视图

sql>show parameter date 查数据结构

---------------------------------------------------------------

SQLServer中

--删除表中相同数据

sql>create table test1 as select distinct * from test;

--删除表数据

sql>truncate table test;

--把test中数据输入到test1中

sql>insert into test(select * from test1);

---------------------------------------------------------------

rowid(表中存储地址相当表id)和rownum(表序号)称伪列(用法)

sql>select name,age,sex,rowid,rownum from test1;

查出前三行

sql>select * from test where rownum<=3;

查出后三行

sql>select * from (select name n,age a,sex s,rownum r from test) where r>(select count(*) from test)-3;

删除后三行

SQL> delete from test where name not in(select name from test where rownum<=(select count(*) from test)-3);

删除相同行

sql>delete from test where rowid not in(select max(rowid) from test group by name,age,sex);

删除所有表

sql>select 'drop table' ||tname|| ':' from tab;

sql>spool c:\test.sql;

sql>select 'drop table' ||tname|| ':' from tab;

sql>spool off

sql>@c:\test.sql;

---------------------------------------------------------------

alter table修改表

truncate table节段表(只删除数据)

drop table删除表

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查看表结构

desc 表名;

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查出成绩的前三名

sql>select * from (select * from stu order by score desc) where rownum<=3;

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更改字符集

SQL>startup mount

SQL>alter system enable restricted session;

SQL>alter system set job_queue_processes=0;

SQL>alter database open;

SQL>alter database character set ZHS16GBK;

SQL>shutdown

SQL>startup

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将一张表或几张表中的域重新组合后插入新表。

假定原先的两张表为emp,work，现选择部分数据域合并为emp_work

建立emp_work

SQL>insert into emp_new select a.no, sysdate, a.name, b.service_duration from emp a, work b where a.no=b.no;

SQL>commit;

这样的方式仍然要使用回滚段，为加快数据迁移速度，可将insert替换成insert /*+APPEND*/（大小写不论），指示oracle以直通方式直接写数据文件，绕过回滚空间。

SQL>insert /*+APPEND*/ into emp_new select a.no, sysdate, a.name, b.service_duration from emp a, work b where a.no=b.no;

SQL>commit;

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DDL数据定义语言(create,alter,drop)

DML数据操纵语言(insert,select,delete,update)

TCL事务控制语言(commit,savepoint,rollback)

DCL数据控制语言(GRANT REVOKE)

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一个表中的某一列输到另一个表中

insert into stu1(name)(select name from stu);

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事务

rollback;

insert into stu1(name)(select name from stu);

commit;提交

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COMMIT - 提交并结束事务处理

ROLLBACK - 撤销事务中已完成的工作

SAVEPOINT – 标记事务中可以回滚的点

SQL> update order_master set del_date ='30-8月-05' WHERE orderno <= 'o002';

 

SQL> savepoint mark1;

SQL> delete FROM order_master WHERE orderno = 'o002';

SQL> savepoint mark2;

SQL> rollback TO SAVEPOINT mark1;

SQL> COMMIT;

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换名

set sqlprompt "scott>";

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GRANT 授予权限

SQL> GRANT SELECT ON vendor_master TO accounts WITH GRANT OPTION;

REVOKE 撤销已授予的权限

SQL> REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON order_master FROM MARTIN;

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比较操作符

SQL> SELECT vencode,venname,tel_no

     FROM vendor_master

     WHERE venname LIKE 'j___s';

SQL> SELECT orderno FROM order_master

     WHERE del_date IN (‘06-1月-05’,‘05-2月-05');

SQL> SELECT itemdesc, re_level

     FROM itemfile

     WHERE qty_hand < max_level/2;

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逻辑操作符

SQL> SELECT * FROM order_master

     WHERE odate > ‘10-5月-05'

     AND del_date < ‘26-5月-05’;

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集合操作符将两个查询的结果组合成一个结果

SQL> SELECT orderno FROM order_master

     MINUS

     SELECT orderno FROM order_detail;

-----------------------------------------------------------------

select * from scott.stu

union (all)重复的去掉[intersect把相同的取出来][minus显示不相同的数]

select * from stu

-----------------------------------------------------------------

显示相同的数据

select name from stu intersect select name from stu1;

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连接操作符

连接操作符用于将多个字符串或数据值合并成一个字符串

SQL> SELECT (venname|| ' 的地址是 '

     ||venadd1||' '||venadd2 ||' '||venadd3) address

     FROM vendor_master WHERE vencode='V001';

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操作符的优先级

SQL 操作符的优先级从高到低的顺序是：

算术操作符 --------最高优先级

连接操作符

比较操作符

NOT 逻辑操作符

AND 逻辑操作符

OR 逻辑操作符 --------最低优先级

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用来转换空值的函数

NVL

NVL2

NULLIF

SELECT itemdesc, NVL(re_level,0) FROM itemfile;

SELECT itemdesc, NVL2(re_level,re_level,max_level) FROM itemfile;

SELECT itemdesc, NULLIF(re_level,max_level) FROM itemfile;

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GROUP BY和HAVING子句

GROUP BY子句

用于将信息划分为更小的组

每一组行返回针对该组的单个结果

HAVING子句

用于指定 GROUP BY 子句检索行的条件

SELECT p_category, MAX(itemrate) FROM itemfile GROUP BY p_category;

SELECT p_category, MAX(itemrate) FROM itemfile GROUP BY p_category HAVING p_category NOT IN ('accessories');

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ROW_NUMBER (row_number)返回连续的排位，不论值是否相等

RANK(rank) 具有相等值的行排位相同，序数随后跳跃

DENSE_RANK(dense_rank) 具有相等值的行排位相同，序号是连续的

SELECT d.dname, e.ename, e.sal, DENSE_RANK()

  OVER (PARTITION BY e.deptno ORDER BY e.sal DESC)

  AS DENRANK

FROM emp e, dept d WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno;

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日期函数

ADD_MONTHS(当前只加月)

alter session set nls_date_format='yyyymmdd hh24miss';

select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual;

----------------------------------------------------------------

MONTHS_BETWEEN(前面时间减后面时间=得之间月差)

select months_between(sysdate,to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd')) from dual;

----------------------------------------------------------------

LAST_DAY(求得当前月的最后一天)

select last_day(sysdate) from dual;

----------------------------------------------------------------

ROUND(round年-月-日-->四舍五入)

select round(2.3) from dual;

select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'year') from dual;

select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'month') from dual;

select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day') from dual;

----------------------------------------------------------------

NEXT_DAY(下一星期的星期二）

select next_day(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'星期二') from dual;

----------------------------------------------------------------

TRUNC(trunc)

----------------------------------------------------------------

EXTRACT(extract)

select extract(year from date '1998-03-07') from dual;

select extract(month from to_date ('1998-03-07','yyyy-mm-dd')) from dual;

----------------------------------------------------------------

2008年2月有多少天

inbo---->select extract(day from last_day(to_date ('2008-02-07','yyyy-mm-dd'))) from dual;

----------------------------------------------------------------

2003-4-3与1956-3-1之间有多少天

inbo---->select round(months_between(to_date('2003-4-3','yyyy-mm-dd'),to_date('1956-3-1','yyyy-mm-dd'))/12) from dual;

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把两边的9去掉

select trim('9' from '9999ddddddd99999') from dual;

去空格

select trim(' ' from ' 9999ddddddd99999') from dual;

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   函数 输入 输出

Initcap(char) Select initcap(‘hello’) from dual; Hello

Lower(char) Select lower(‘FUN’) from dual; fun

Upper(char) Select upper(‘sun’) from dual; SUN

Ltrim(char,set) Select ltrim( ‘xyzadams’,’xyz’) from dual; adams

Rtrim(char,set) Select rtrim(‘xyzadams’,’ams’) from dual; xyzad

Translate(char, from, to) Select translate(‘jack’,’j’ ,’b’) from dual; back

Replace(char,searchstring,[rep string]) Select replace(‘jack and jue’ ,’j’,’bl’) from dual; black and blue

Instr (char, m, n) Select instr (‘worldwide’,’d’) from dual; 5

Substr (char, m, n) Select substr(‘abcdefg’,3,2) from dual; cd

Concat (expr1, expr2) Select concat (‘Hello’,’ world’) from dual; Hello world

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数字函数接受数字输入并返回数值结果

   函数 输入 输出

Abs(n) Select abs(-15) from dual; 15

Ceil(n) Select ceil(44.778) from dual; 45

Cos(n) Select cos(180) from dual; -.5984601

Cosh(n) Select cosh(0) from dual; 1

Floor(n) Select floor(100.2) from dual; 100

Power(m,n) Select power(4,2) from dual; 16

Mod(m,n) Select mod(10,3) from dual; 1

Round(m,n) Select round(100.256,2) from dual; 100.26

Trunc(m,n) Select trunc(100.256,2) from dual; 100.25

Sqrt(n) Select sqrt(4) from dual; 2

Sign(n) Select sign(-30) from dual; -1

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字符函数

查看有多少个字符

SQL> SELECT LENGTH('frances') FROM dual;

-----------------------------------------------------------------

SQL> SELECT vencode,

     DECODE(venname,'frances','Francis') name

     FROM vendor_master WHERE vencode='v001';

-----------------------------------------------------------------

查找人是否存在 加字段decode主明是否有人

select name,decode(name,'rbb','有人') from stu;

===================================================================

排续

select dense_rank() over(partition by sex order by score) from test;

select row_number() over(order by score),name,sex,score from test;

select rank() over(order by score) from test;

select dense_rank() over(order by score) from test;

==========================================================================

创建同义词

SQL> create public synonym test for rbb.test;

SQL> create synonym test for mytest;

同一类的才可以替换,同义词替换同义词

替换

SQL> create or replace synonym emp_sysn for scott.emp;

**********************************************************************************************

创建序列

SQL>create sequence xule increment by 1 start with 1 max 999;

increment by 增长值

start with 起始值

max 最大值

min 最小值

nocycle 不循环

chare 10缓存

xule.nextval ===========下一个序列的值

xule.currval ===========可以查询序列当前的值

更改序列 start with 不能改

alter sequence xule max 100 [sycle nocycle]；

**********************************************************************************************

序列用法

SQL>create table xl(name varchar2(4));

SQL>insert into test s(xule.nextval);

SQL>select xl.currval from dual;

**********************************************************************************************

删除序列

drop sequence x;

desc user_sequences

**********************************************************************************************

创建视图 视图中可以使用函数和表达式

create or replace view

**********************************************************************************************

创建视图

SQL> create or replace view 视图名 as select * from rbb union all select * from rbbb union all select * from test;

SQL> create or replace view 视图名 as

  2 select empno as 编号,ename as 姓名 from scott.emp

  3 where deptno=10;

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